前言

1. See generally, Tim Blanning, ‘18. Juni 1815: Waterloo’, in étienne Fran?is and Uwe Puschner (eds.), Erinnerungstage. Wendepunkte der Geschichte von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (Munich, 2010), pp. 163–85.

2. Rowena Mason, ‘Waterloo battlefield in Belgium to get ￡1 million for 200th anniversary’, Daily Telegraph, 26.6.2013.

3. Ben Macintyre, ‘Without Prussia we’d all be speaking French’, The Times, 28.6.2013.

4. Quoted in Albert A. Nofi, The Waterloo Campaign, June 1815 (Cambridge, MA, 1998), p. 29.

5. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Canto the Third, stanzas 18 and 35.

第1章

1. For a detailed account see Peter Hofschr?er, 1815. The Waterloo Campaign:Wellington, his German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras (London, 1998) and Peter Hofschr?er, Waterloo 1815. Quatre Bras and Ligny (Barnsley, 2005).

2. Friedrich Lindau, A Waterloo Hero. The Reminiscences of Friedrich Lindau, edited and presented by James Bogle and Andrew Uffindell (London, 2009), pp. 160–61.

3. Emanuel Biedermann, Erinnerungen, Wanderungen, Erfahrungen und Lebensansichten eines froh- und freisinnigen Schweizers (2 vols., Trogen, 1828), vol. 1, p. 187.

4. David Miller, The Duchess of Richmond’s Ball, 15 June 1815 (Staplehurst, 2005), pp. 120–21, 可见英王德意志军团只有另一个旅的一名军官出席。

5. John Kincaid, Adventures in the Rifle Brigade in the Peninsula, France and the Netherlands from 1808 to 1815 (London, 1830, reprint Staplehurst, 1998), pp. 160–62.

6. Biedermann, Erinnerungen, vol. 1, pp. 185–7.

7. Ibid., p. 186.

8. Wellington to Earl Bathurst, 19.6.1815, Wellington Historical Documents: 1783–1832, edited by A. Aspinall and E. A. Smith. Front cover. David Charles Douglas (Oxford, 1959), p. 933.

9. Biedermann, Erinnerungen, vol. 1, p. 186.

10. 私人信息来自其持有人Fran?is Cornet d’Elzius伯爵。

11. I am following here the chronology of ibid. p. 188.

12. Thus Carole Divall, ‘To the last cartridge. Wilhelm Wiese and Simon Lehmann of the King’s German Legion’, in idem, Napoleonic Lives. Researching the British Soldiers of the Napleonic Wars (Barnsley, 2012), p. 81.

13. David Howarth, Waterloo: A Near Run Thing (London, 1968), p. 121.

14. Biedermann, Erinnerungen, vol. 1, p. 189.

15. For an evocative account of the French army see Alan Forrest, Napoleon’s Men. The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire (London and New York, 2002).

16. Louis Canler, Mémoires de Canler, ancien chef du service de s?eté (Brussels and Leipzig, 1862), pp. 10–11.

17. Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d’Erlon, Le Maréchal Drouet, Comte d’Erlon. Vie militaire écritr par lui-même et dédieé à ses amis, (Paris, 1844), p. 96.

18. Canler, Mémoires, pp. 10–12.

19. D’Erlon, Vie militaire, p. 96.

20. Biedermann, Erinnerungen, vol. 1, p. 189.

第2章

1. 第2轻步兵营人员上下波动——1810年10月最多达695人——通常保持在460人左右。因此在滑铁卢战役中兵力大大不足：‘Monthly returns of Quarters of H. M. troops as applicable to Bexhill from 1795–1819’ (figures for 1804–14), Bexhill Hanoverian Study Group Records.

2. See N. Ludlow Beamish, History of the King’s German Legion (2 vols., London, 1832–7); N. Ludlow Beamish, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion (2 vols., 2nd edn, Berlin, 1906) (德文版中增加了新材料); Bernhard Schwertfeger, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion, R?niglich Dentschen Legion, 1803–1816 (2 vols., Hanover, 1907); Mike Chappell, The King’s German Legion (I) 1803–1812 (Oxford, 2000). 不要将英王德意志军团与汉诺威本地军队混淆，后者重组后也参加了滑铁卢战役：Peter Hofschr?er (text) and Bryan Fosten (colour plates), The Hanoverian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (Oxford, 1989)。

3. For the earlier period see Torsten Riotte, ‘Die Entstehung der K?niglich-deutschen Legion (1803–1806). Hannoverschen Truppen in britischen Diensten w?hrend der Napoleonischen Kriege’ (MA, University of Cologne, 1999), and for the later period Daniel S. Gray, ‘The services of the King’s German Legion in the Army of the Duke of Wellington, 1809–1815’ (DPhil dissertation, Florida State University, 1970). and ‘Chronologische übersicht der K. deutschen Legion besonders mit Bezug auf die leichten Infanterie batallions vom Jahre 1805 bis 1816’, by Major Rautenberg, 1st Light Battalion, KGL, Hauptsstaatsarchiv Hannover (hereafter HStAH), Hann38D, 234. The definitive account for the whole period is Jens Mastnak, ‘Werbung und Ersatzwesen der K?niglich Deutschen Legion 1803–1813’, Milit?rgeschichtliche Zeitschrift 60 (2001), 119–42, and his forthcoming Die King’s German Legion 1803–1816. Lebenswirklichkeit in einer milit?rischen Formation der Koalitionskriege. The broader context is provided by Mark Wishon, German Forces and the British Army. Interactions and Perceptions, 1742–1815 (Basingstoke, 2013), pp. 165–92.

4. ‘Proposals for enlisting recruits from amongst prisoners of war in England for the King’s German Legion’, Horse Guards, 17.10.1811, in Bexhill Hanoverian Study Group, Newsletter 44 (November 2005).

5. As extrapolated from Otto Puffahrt (ed.), In der Schlacht von Waterloo gefallene, verwundete und vermisste Soldaten aus der Hannoverschen Armee (Lüneburg, 2004), pp. 70–77. 有关第2轻步兵营的补充力，我们了解得不多，因为HMS“诺森伯兰”号于1807年在爱尔兰海域沉没时，所有文件都遗失了 (Bernhard Schwertfeger, Peninsula-Waterloo. Zum Ged?chtnis der k?niglich-deutschen Legion (Hanover, 1914), p. 211。

6. See the figures in Jens Mastnak, ‘Die K?niglich Deutsche Legion, 1803–1816. Lebenswirklichkeit in einer milit?rischen Formation der Koalitionskriege’ (PhD dissertation, University of Vechta, 2012), p. 121.

7. See Terry Cooper, ‘Officers of the King’s German Legion, 1803–1816’, typescript, York, 1999, which updates and consolidates Beamish and Schwertfeger, pp. 18, 24, 25, 30, 36–7(for British paymasters). Typescript in National Army Museun, NAM-1999–03–138–1–1, and Peter B. Boyden, ‘The King’s German Legion and their bankers’, typescript in records of Bexhill Hanoverian Study Group.

8. For an evocative account see Mark Urban, Rifles. Six Years with Wellington’s legendary Sharpshooters (London, 2003).

9. For conditions of service see Beamish, King’s German Legion, vol. 1, p. 350.

10. Bernhard von Poten, ‘Des K?nigs Deutsche Legion, 1803 bis 1816. Darstelling ihrer inneren Verh?ltnisse’, Milit?r-Wochenblatt, supplement, 11 (1905), 397–458 (quotation 421).

11. Thus Emanuel Biedermann, Erinnerungen, Wanderungen, Erfahrungen und Lebensansichten eines froh- und freisinnigen Schweizers (2 vols., Trogen, 1828) vol. 1, p. 141. For a detailed discussion of this see Jens Mastnak, ‘Die K?niglich Deutschen Legion, 1803–1816. Lebenswirklichkeit in einer milit?rischen Formation der Koalitionskriege’ (PhD dissertation, University of Vechta, 2012), pp. 182–205.

12. See Julius Runnebaum, General Karl von Alten: ein Soldat Europas (Hildesheim, 1964).

13. For Wellington and the King’s German Legion in the Peninsula and Southern France see Huw J. Davies, Wellington’s Wars. The Making of a Military Genius (New Haven and London, 2012) pp. 105, 165, 200; Lawrence James, The Iron Duke. A Military Biography of Wellington (London, 1992), pp. 137–9. Michael Glover, Wellington as Military Commander (London, 1968), pp. 132 and 177.

14. Poten, ‘Des K?nigs Deutsche Legion’, p. 421.

15. Ibid.

16. ‘Journale der Acht Linien und Veteranen Batallione der King’s German Legion, 1803 bis 1816’, HStAH, Hann38D, 236, fol. 225.

17. Jasper Heinzen and Mark Wishon, ‘ “A patriotic mercenary?” Sir Julius von Hartmann as a Hanoverian officer in British service, 1803–1816’, Comparativ: Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, 23:2 (2013), 13–26. 谢谢Jasper Heinzen让我在正式出版前翻阅了此资料。See also J. von Hartmann (Jnr), Der K?niglich-Hannoversche General Sir Julius von Hartmann. Eine Lebensskizze (Hanover, 1858).

18. Bexhill Museum Local History Folder A/HF20 (list of marriages).

19. See Brendan Simms, Three Victories and a Defeat. The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783 (London, 2007), pp. 417–18 et passim.

20. See Nicholas B. Harding, ‘Hanover and British republicanism’, in Brendan Simms and Torsten Riotte (eds.), The Hanoverian Dimension in British History, 1714–1837(Cambridge, 2007), pp. 301–23 (especially 32–22).

21. Bernhard von Poten, ‘Georg Freiherr von Baring, K?niglich Hannoverscher Generallieutenant: 1773–1848: Ein Lebensbild auf Grund von Aufzeichnungen des Verstorbenen und von Mittheilungen der Familie, Milit?r-Wochenblatt, 1 (1898), 1– 78, here 35. See also Janet Harris, ‘The KGL at Bexhill on Sea’, in Gwen Davis (ed.), The King’s German Legion. Records and Research (Anglo-German Family History Society Publications, Maidenhead, 2000), pp. 12–17, especially pp. 13–14.

22. A list has been compiled by Dr Vernon of the Bexhill Hanoverian Study Group: ‘The King’s German Legion, marriages 1804–1814’, St Peter’s Church, Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex.

23. See ‘KGL marriages, 1804–1814, St Peter’s Church, Bexhill’ after Dr Vernon of Bexhill with additional information from Terry Cooper of York, Archives of the Bexhill Hanoverian Study Group, Bexhill Old Town Preservation Society.

24. For a discussion of the complex motivations see Heinzen and Wishon, ‘ “A patriotic mercenary?” ’, quotation p. 18, and Mastnak, ‘Die K?niglich Deutsche Legion, 1803–1816’, pp. 141–6, 强调了非金钱和爱国动机，但指出民族感情这种说法已过时了。

25. See Schwertfeger, Peninsula-Waterloo, p. 26.

26. A comparison made by David Howarth, Waterloo: A Near Run Thing (London, 1968), p. 119.

27. Quoted in Heinzen and Wishon, ‘ “A patriotic mercenary?” ’, . p. 18. For Hanoverians serving with Napoleon see Georg Schnath, ‘Die Legion Hanovrienne. Eine unbekannte Hilfstruppe Napoleons 1803–1811’, in Georg Schnath, Ausgew ?hlte Beitr?ge zur Landesgeschichte Niedersachsens (Hildesheim, 1968), pp. 280–329.

28. Friedrich Heinecke, Meine Abenteuer als Werber gegen Napoleon bearbeitet von Norbert Walter (Hamburg, 1925) (originally written in 1847), pp. 5–6. For a broader look at such sentiments in North Germany see Karen Hagemann, ‘Francophobia and patriotism: anti-French images and sentiments in Prussia and Northern Germany during the anti-Napoleonic wars’, French History, 18, 4 (2004), 404–25.

29. Anonymous, Erinnerungen eines Legion?rs oder Nachrichten von den Zügen der Deutschen Legion des K?nigs (von England) in England, Irland, D?nemark, er Pyren?ischen Halbinsel, Malta, Sicilien und Italien. In Auszügen aus dem vollst?ndigen Tagebuche eines Gef?hrten derselben (Hanover, 1826), p. 1.

30. In Lindau, A Waterloo Hero, p. 22; see also p. 25.

31. Biedermann, Erinnerungen, vol. 1, pp. 71, 146–7.

32. Edmund Wheatley, The Wheatley Diary. A Journal and Sketchbook Kept during the Peninsular War and the Waterloo Campaign, edited with an introduction and notes by Christopher Hibbert (London, 1964), p. 64.

33. For how this fitted into the long-standing ‘British way of warfare’, see Wishon, German Forces and the British Army, p. 2 et passim. The phrase comes from David French, The British Way of Warfare, 1688–2000 (London, 1990).

34. See See A. Hirsch, ‘Georg Hartog Gerson’, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 9 (Leipzig, 1879), pp. 57–9; Ortwin Pelc, Hamburg und Waterloo, Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, 29 (2000); and Georg Baumann, ‘Dr Georg Hartog Gerson’, Bexhill Hanoverian Study Group, Newsletter 49 (April 2008).

35. See Brendan Simms, The Impact of Napoleon. Prussian High Politics, Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Executive, 1797–1806 (Cambridge, 1997), p. 238 and F. von Ompteda (ed.), Politischer Nachlass des hannoverschen Staats-und Cabinetsministers, Ludwig von Ompteda aus den Jahren 1804 bis 1813 (Jena, 1869).

36. Ludwig von Ompteda (ed.), Ein hannoversch-englischer Offizier vor hundert Jahren: Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Ompteda. Oberst und Brigadier in der K?niglich Deutschen Legion. 26 November 1765 bis 18 Juni 1815 (Leipzig, 1892), pp. 270–71.

37. Christian von Ompteda to Ludwig von Ompteda, 8.6.1815, écaussines-Lalaing, near Soignies and Braine le Comte, Ompteda, Ein hannoversch-englischer Offizier, p. 272.

38. Ibid., p. 274.

39. Thus Baring’s own autobiographical account: Poten, ‘Georg Freiherr von Baring’, p. 8.

40. Ibid. p. 9.

第3章

1. Jac Weller, Wellington at Waterloo (London, 1967).

2. Thus the composite narrator in Ludwig von Ompteda (ed.) Ein hannoversch-englischer Offizier vor hundert Jahren: Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Ompteda. Oberst and Brigadier in der K?niglich Deutschen Legion. 26 November 1765 bis 18 Juni 1815 (Leipzig, 1892) p. 280.

3. Heinrich Dehnel, Erinnerungen deutscher Offiziere in britischen Diensten aus den Kriegsjahren 1805 bis 1816 (Hanover, 1864), pp. 285–6.

4. Friedrich Lindau, A Waterloo Hero. The Reminiscences of Friedrich Lindau, edited and presented by James Bogle and Andrew Uffindell (London, 2009), p. 163.

5. Emanuel Biedermann, Erinnerungen, Wanderungen, Erfahrungen und Lebensansichten eines froh- und freisinnigen Schweizers (2 vols., Trogen, 1828), vol. 1, p. 190.

6. As shown in the Ground Plan of La Haye Sainte, HStAH, Hann8D, 243, fol. 211.

7. Lindau, A Waterloo Hero, p. 163.

8. Quoted in Alessandro Barbero, The Battle. A New History of Waterloo, (London, 2005), p. 152.

9. John Kincaid, Adventures in the Rifle Brigade, in the Peninsula, France and the Netherlands from 1808 to 1815 (London, 1830, reprint Staplehurst, 1998).

10. See Ian Fletcher, A Desperate Business. Wellington, the British Army and the Waterloo Campaign (Staplehurst, 2001), pp. 99–100.

11. See Dehnel, Erinnerungen deutscher Offiziere, p. 286; Ompteda, Ein hannoversch-englischer Offizier, p. 281; Jonathan Leach, Rough Sketches of the Life of an Old Soldier (London, 1831), p. 383.

12. Edmund Wheatley, The Wheatley Diary. A Journal and Sketchbook Kept during the Peninsular War and the Waterloo Campaign, edited with an introduction and notes by Chtistopher Hibbert (London, 1964), p. 63.

13. ‘Effectiver Bestand des vormaligen 2ten Leichten Batalions der K. D. Legion in der Schlacht von Waterloo’, by Lt B. Riefkugel, 20.11.1824, HStAH, Hann41, 152, fol. 45.

14. 不是在巴林的指挥下，因为巴林是布什的下级。See ‘Wyneken remarks to Waterloo’, HStAH, Hann 38D, 243, fol. 47. The company commanders were Wyneken and von Goeben.

15. Thus Baron Ernst vom Knesebeck, Travellers Club, 27.7.1845, in Gareth Glover (ed.), Letters from the Battle of Waterloo: Unpublished Correspondence by Allied Officers from the Siborne Papers (London, 2004), p. 306.

16. Barbero, The Battle, p. 63.

17. Louis Canler, Mémoires de Canler, ancien chef du service de s?neté (Brussels and Leipzig, 1862), p. 12

18. Ibid., pp. 13–14.

19. Quoted in Andrew W. Field, Waterloo. The French Perspective (Barnsley, 2012) p. 51.

20. Jean Charras, Histoire de la campagne de 1815, Waterloo (Brussels, 1857), p. 255.

21. See Field, Waterloo. The French Perspective, p. 57.

22. Barbero, The Battle, pp. 72–3.

23. See Bernard Coppens and Patrice Courcelle, La Haie-Sainte, Waterloo 1815, Les Carnets de la Campagne, 3 (2000) on this issue. See also Glenn van den Bosch, ‘The importance of maps at the battle of Waterloo’, Brussels International Map Collectors’ Circle, May 2008, 15–17.

24. Field, Waterloo. The French Perspective, p. 57.

25. Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d’Erlon, Le Maréchal Drouet, comte d’Erlon. Vie militaire écrite par lui-même et dédieé à ses amis (Paris, 1844), p. 97.

26. See Barbero, The Battle, p. 153.

第4章

1. Gareth Glover (ed.), The Waterloo Archive. Volume II: German Sources (Barnsley, 2010), p. 135.

2. Mark Adkin, The Waterloo Companion (London, 2001), p. 298.

3. Quoted in Alessandro Barbero, The Battle. A New History of Waterloo (London, 2005), p. 130.

4. Heinrich Dehnel, Erinnerungen deutscher Offiziere in britischen Diensten aus den Kriegsjahren 1805 bis 1816 (Hanover, 1864), p. 287.

5. N. Ludlow Beamish, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion (2 vols., Berlin, 1906), vol. 2, p. 381.

6. See the description by Edward Cotton, A Voice from Waterloo (London, 1974, first published 1849), p. 32, and that of Jonathan Leach, Rough Sketches of the Life of an Old Soldier (London, 1831), p. 387, 当时他正在农舍旁。

7. Quoted in Gareth Glover (ed.), The Waterloo Archive. Vol. IV: British Sources (Barnsley, 2012), p. 217.

8. John Kincaid, Adventures in the Rifle Brigade in the Peninsula, France and the Netherlands from 1808 to 1815 (London, 1830, reprint Staplehurst, 1998), p. 164.

9. As described in Emanuel Biedermann, Erinnerungen, Wanderungen, Erfahrungen and Lebensansichten eines froh- and freisinnigen Schweizers (2 vols., Trogen, 1828), vol. 1, p. 190.

10. Thus ibid., pp. 190–91.

11. For a perfectly plausible alternative view see David Buttery, Waterloo. Battlefield Guide (Barnsley, 2013), pp. 81–4 (with map on p. 80).

12. See Adkin, The Waterloo Companion, p. 343.

13. Louis Canler, Mémoires de Canler, ancien chef du service de s?reté (Brussels and Leipzig, 1862), p. 13.

14. Ibid.

15. Cotton, A Voice from Waterloo, p. 53.

16. Leach, Rough Sketches, p. 387.

17. John Kincaid, Adventures in the Rifle Brigade and Random Shots from a Rifleman London, and 1835, this edition London, 1981), pp. 165–6.

18. Quoted in Friedrich Lindau, A Waterloo Hero. The Reminiscences of Friedrich Lindau, edited and presented by James Bogle and Andrew Uffindell (London, 2009), p. 167.

19. See Hippolyte de Mauduit, Les Derniers jours de la grande armée ou sourenirs, documents et correspondance inédite de Napoléon en 1814 et 1815 (Paris, 1848), pp. 333–4.

20. There is an evocative account in Adkin, Waterloo Companion, p. 166.

21. See Philip Elliot-Wright, Rifleman. Elite Soldiers of the Wars against Napoleon (London, 2000), pp. 73–81.

22. See Bernhard von Poten, ‘Georg Freiherr von Baring, K?niglich Hannoverscher Generallieutenant: 1773–1848. Ein Lebensbild auf Grund von Aufzeichnungen des Verstorbenen und von Mittheilungen der Familie’, Milit?r Wochenblatt 55, and E. Grosse and Franz Otto, Waterloo. Gedenkbuch an das glorreiche Jahr 1815 (Leipzig, 1865), p. 54.

23. Ludwig von Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, welche in den letzten Kriegen von Unteroffizieren und Soldaten der englisch-deutschen Legion und der hannoverschen Armee verrichtet sind. Aus zuverl?s sigen Nachrichten zsgest. von Ludwig von Wissel (Hanover, 1846), p. 130.

24. Thus the eyewitness account of Leach, Rough Sketches, p. 387 and Kincaid, Adventures in the Rifle Brigade, p. 166.

25. Bernhard Schwertfeger, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion, 1803–1816 (2 vols., Hanover, 1907) vol. 1, pp. 605–6.

26. Christoph Heise to Captain Benne, 4.12.1840, in Gareth Glover (ed.), Letters from the Battle of Waterloo: Unpublished Correspondence by Allied Officers from the Siborne Papers (London, 2004), p. 231.

27. Account of Captain Frederick von Gilsa, Eimbeck, 9.12.1840, in ibid., pp. 225–6.

28. See N. Ludlow Beamish, History of the King’s German Legion, (2 vols., London, 1832–7), vol. 2, p. 512.

29. Christoph Heise to Captain Benne, 4.12.1840, in Glover (ed.), Letters from the Battle of Waterloo, pp. 231–2. On Sander see Adolf Pfannkuch, Die k?niglich deutsche Legion, 1803–1816 (Hanover, 1926), p. 243.

30. See Poten, ‘Georg Freiherr von Baring’, p. 60 and Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, p. 60.

31. Dehnel, Erinnerungen deutscher Offiziere, p. 288.

32. Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, p. 183.

33. Beamish, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion, vol. 2, pp. 382–3 gives thirty men. Ludwig von Ompteda, Ein hannoversch-englischer Offizier vor hundert Jahren: Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Omptedo, Oberst und Brigadier in der K?niglich-Deutschen Legion. 26 November 1765 bis 18 Juni 1815 (Leipzig, 1892), p. 282, gives 100 men. 关于事件发生的时间，存在争议。which Schwertfeger, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion, vol. 1, pp. 615–16, 认为发生于1个多小时后，但目击者Brandis清楚地指出，这事就发生在埃尔隆的第一次进攻之后。Likewise the report of the Hanoverian General Staff cited in Schwertfeger, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion, vol. 2, pp. 354–5.

34. Thus the assessment of Georg Baring in his ‘Geschichthiche Darstellung der Verteidigung von La Haye Sainte am 18 Juni 1815’, HStAH Hann 381D, 237, vol. 426.

35. Thus Jens Mastnak and Michael-Andreas T?nzer, ‘Diese denckwürdige und m?rderische Schlacht’: Die Hannoveraner bei Waterloo (Celle, 2003).

36. Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, p. 130.

37. Hann38D, 243, fol. 47.

38. For these interpid Lüneburgers see B. von Linsingen, Aus Hannovers milit?rischer Vergangenheit (Hanover, 1880), p. 313.

39. Biedermann, Erinnerungen, vol. 1, p. 191.

40. Jacobi, Erinnerungen. Quoted in Glover (ed.), German Sources, p. 135.

41. Georg Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons der K?niglichen Deutschen Legion an der Schlacht von Waterloo’, Hannoversches Milit?risches Journal (2nd issue, Hanover, 1831), 69–90, 74–5.

42. Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, pp. 130–31.

43. Barbero, The Battle, p. 210.

44. Quoted in Cotton, A Voice from Waterloo, p. 63.

45. Quoted in Antony Brett-James (ed.), Napoleon’s Last Campaign from Eyewitness Accounts (London, 1964), p. 145.

46. Quoted in Jane Vansittart (ed.), Surgeon James’s Journals 1815 (London, 1865), pp. 35–6.

47. Biedermann, Erinnerungen, vol. 1, p. 192.

第5章

1. Quoted in Andrew W. Field, Waterloo. The French Perspective (Barnsley, 2012), p. 89.

2. Thus Jac Weller, Wellington at Waterloo (London, 1967), p. 117. Jean Charras, Histoire de la campagne de 1815, Waterloo (Brussels, 1857), pp.280–82, 说拿破仑和内伊都未想过要轰炸庄园，这似乎不太可能。霍高蒙特主要毁于不受控制的大火 (David Buttery, Waterloo. Battlefield Guide (Barns ley, 2013), p. 59), 而拉海圣的火被及时扑灭了。

3. Quoted in Field, Waterloo. The French Perspective, p. 156.

4. Quoted in Peter Hofschr?er, 1815. The Waterloo Campaign. The German Victory (London, 1999), p. 96.

5. Thus Jonathan Leach, Rough Sketches of the Life of an Old Soldier (London, 1831), p. 389, 他在庄园东面看见了他们。

6. Quoted in Field, Waterloo. The French Perspective, pp. 131–2.

7. See Ludwig von Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, welche in den letzten Kriegen von Unteroffizieren und Soldaten der englisch-deutschen Legion und der hannoverschen Armee verrichtet sind. Aus zuverl?ssigen Nachrichten zsgest. von Ludwig von Wissel (Hanover, 1846), p. 131.

8. Ibid., p. 132.

9. Ibid., pp. 132–3.

10. Ibid., p. 131.

11. Georg Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons der K?niglichen Deutschen Legion an der Schlacht von Waterloo,’ Hannoversches Milit?risches Journal (2nd issue, Hanover, 1831), p. 76.

12. Quoted in Edward Cotton, A Voice from Waterloo (London, 1974, first published 1849), p. 88.

13. Edmund Wheatley, The Wheatley Diary. A Journal and Sketchbook from the Peninsular War and the Waterloo Campaign, edited with an introduction and notes by Christopher Hibbert (London, 1964), p. 66.

14. N. Ludlow Beamish, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion, (2 vols., Berlin, 1906), vol. 2, p. 387.

15. Ibid.

16. Wheatley, Diary, p. 66. 惠特利指的是迫击炮或榴弹炮的轰炸，是阵地炮而不是攻城炮。

17. As described by Rittmeister Wilhelm von Schnehen to Major Bremer, 11.11.1824, HStAH, Hann 41, 152, fols. 9–10.

18. Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, p. 76.

19. Ibid., p. 77.

20. Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, p. 183. （事件发生的时间不清楚。）

21. Friedrich Lindau, A Waterloo Hero. The Reminiscences of Friedrich Lindau, edited and presented by James Bogle and Andrew Uffindell (London, 2009), p. 169.

22. Ibid., p. 170.

23. Ibid., pp. 170–71.

24. Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, p. 183.

25. Ibid., p. 133.

26. Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, p. 77.

27. 该叙述来自盟军野战辎重部的长官——Sir Richard D. Henegan, Seven Years Campaigning in the Peninsula and the Netherlands from 1808 to 1815 (2 vols., London, 1846), vol. 2, pp. 321–2.

28. Cotton, A Voice from Waterloo, p. 89.

29. N. Ludlow Beamish, History of the King’s German Legion (2 vols. London, 1832–7), vol. 2, p. 513.

30. Ludwig von Ompteda, Ein hannoversch-englischer Offizier vor hundert Jahren. Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Ompteda, Oberst and Brigadier in der K?niglich Deutschen Legion. 26 November 1765 bis 18 Juni 1815 (Leipzig, 1892), p. 285.

31. Wheatley, Diary, p. 66.

32. Ompteda, Ein hannoversch-englischer Offizier, p. 284.

33. Ibid. pp. 282–3; Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, p. 186.

34. Beamish, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion, vol. 2, p. 390.

35. Ompteda, Ein hannoversch-englischer Offizier, pp. 283–4. 我在此假设最后一次攻击时是最惊险的一次侥幸逃脱。

36. See ibid, p. 285.

37. Ibid.

38. For the figures see Mark Adkin, The Waterloo Companion (London, 2001), p. 370 and Heinrich Dehnel, Erinnerungen deutscher Offiziere, in britischen Diensten aus den Kriegsjahren 1805 bis 1816 (Hanover, 1864), p. 285.

39. Ompteda, Ein hannoversch-englischer Offizier, p. 285.

40. ‘Auszug aus dem Tagebuch des Herz?glich Nassauischen 1. Leichten Infanterie-Regiment im Jahr 1815. Bericht aus dem Tagebuch des Nassauischen 1. Regiments über die Ereignisse vom 15. bis zum 18 Juni’, in Julius Pflugk-Harttung, Belle-Alliance (Berlin, 1915), p. 198.

41. Thus Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, p. 78. The timing is disputed by Bernhard Schwertfeger, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion 1803–1816 (2 vols., Hanover, 1907), vol. 1, p. 617.

42. Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, p. 79.

43. Lindau, A Waterloo Hero, pp. 171–2.

44. Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, p. 131.

45. Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, p. 80.

46. Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, pp. 158–9, 155.

47. Lindau, A Waterloo Hero, p. 170.

48. Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, pp. 80–81.

49. Beamish, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion, vol. 2, p. 395.

50. Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, p. 81.

51. Ibid., p. 82.

第6章

1. Edmund Wheatley, The Wheatley Diary. A Journal and Sketchbook from the Peninsular War and the Waterloo Campaign, edited with an introduction and notes by Christopher Hibbert (London, 1964), p. 68.

2. N. Ludlow Beamish, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion (2 vols., Berlin, 1906), vol. 2, p. 396.

3. Georg Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons der K?niglichen Deutschen Legion an der Schlacht von Waterloo’, Hannoversches Milit?risches Journal (2nd issue, Hanover, 1831), p. 82.

4. Friedrich Lindau, A Waterloo Hero. The Reminiscences of Friedrich Lindau, edited and presented by James Bogle and Andrew Uffindell (London, 2009), pp. 172–3.

5. Bernhard Schwertfeger, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion 1803–1816 (2 vols., Hanover, 1907), vol. 1, p. 618.

6. Lindau, A Waterloo Hero, p. 172.

7. Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, p. 83.

8. Ludwig von Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, welche in den letzten Kriegen von Unteroffizieren und Soldaten der englisch-deutschen Legion und der hannoverschen Armee verrichtet sind. Aus zuverl?ssigen Nachrichten zsgest. von Ludwig von Wissel (Hanover, 1846), p. 183.

9. On Mevius, Lindhorst and Lindenau see ibid., p. 131.

10. 林道描述了格雷姆救了弗兰克一命的情景 (A Waterloo Hero. p. 173). 格雷姆对于自己被救了一命见Antony Brett-James (ed.), Napoleon’s Last Campaign from Eyewitness Accounts (London, 1964). 我假定这是两次独立的事件，而不是被混淆或目击者有所误解，而这两种情况也很有可能。

11. Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, p. 135.

12. Julius von Pflugk-Harttung, Vorgeschichte der Schlacht bei Belle-Alliance. Wellington (Berlin, 1903), p. 198.

13. Schwertfeger, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion, vol., 1, p. 619.

14. Lindau, A Waterloo Hero, p. 173.

15. Wissel, Ruhmwürdige Thaten, p. 132.

16. Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, p. 84.

17. Brett-James (ed.), Napoleon’s Last Campaign, p. 146.

18. John Kincaid, Adventures in the Rifle Brigade and Random Shots from a Rifleman (abridged) by Captain Sir John Kincaid (London, 1981), p. 168. For the other side, see Andrew W. Field, Waterloo. The French Perspective (Barnsley, 2012), pp. 170–75.

19. Jonathan Leach, Rough Sketches of the Life of an Old Soldier (London, 1831), p. 390.

20. Edward Cotton A Voice from Waterloo (London, 1974; first published 1849), pp. 97–9.

21. Schwertfeger, Geschichte der K?niglich Deutschen Legion, vol. 1, p. 621, 说是南边，而目击者Pontéecourlant中尉说是西边（我认为他指的是同一个炮兵连）：see Field, Waterloo. The French Perspective, p. 173.

22. Quoted in Alessandro Barbero, The Battle. A New History of Waterloo (London, 2005), p. 320.

23. See the account by the topographical engineer W. R. Craan, An Historical Account of the Battle of Waterloo Intended to Explain and Elucidate the Topographical Plan (Brussels, 1817), pp. 21 and 28.

24. Kincaid, Adventures in the Rifle Brigade, p. 170. See also Leach, Rough Sketches, p. 391.

25. Quoted in Field, Waterloo. The French Perspective, p. 175.

26. Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, p. 84.

27. Ludwig von Ompteda, Ein hannoversch-englischer Offizier vor hundert Jahren: Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Ompteda, Oberst and Brigadier in der K?niglich Deutschen Legion. 26 November 1765 bis 18 Juni 1815 (Leipzig, 1892), p. 286.

28. Heinrich Dehnel, Erinnerungen deutscher Offiziere in britischen Diensten aus den Kriegsjahren 1805 bis 1816 (Hanover, 1864). p. 290.

29. Lindau, A Waterloo Hero, p. 174.

30. See Barbero, The Battle, p. 315.

31. For a description of the terrain see Dehnel, Erinnerungen deutscher Offiziere, p. 288.

32. Wheatley, Diary, p. 70.

33. See Ompteda, Ein hannoversch-englischer Offizier, p. 287.

34. The description of Captain Berger is in ibid., p. 288.

35. Wheatley, Diary, p. 71.

36. Cotton, A Voice from Waterloo, p. 89.

37. Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, p. 86.

38. Quoted in Barbero, The Battle, p. 345.

39. Dehnel, Erinnerungen deutscher Offiziere, p. 291.

40. Baring, ‘Erz?hlung der Theilnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, p. 87.

41. Quoted Dehnel, Erinnerungen deutscher Offiziere, p. 291.

42. See the account in Georg Baring’s fullest report: ‘Geschichtliche Darstellung der Verteidigung von La Haye Sainte am 18 Juni 1815’, HStAH, Hann38D, 237, fols. 437–8.

43. Bericht des nassauischen 1. Regiments über die Ereignisse vom 15. Bis zum 18. Juni’, in Julius von Pflugk-Harttung, Belle-Alliance (Verbündetes Heer). Berichte und Angaben über die Beteiligung deutscher Truppen der Armee Wellingtons an dem Gefechte bei Quatrebras undder Schlacht bei Belle-Alliance (Berlin, 1915), p. 199.

44. Wheatley, Diary, p. 72.

45. Leach, Rough Sketches. p. 394, 十分有可能是从他当时靠近庄园的有利位置描述了战后第二天的情景。

46. The casualty figures are in Lt B. Riefkugel, ‘Effectiver Bestand des vormaligen 2ten Leichten Bataillons der K. D. Legion in der Schlacht von Waterloo’, HStAH, Hann41, 152, fol. 45.

47. 我在此根据巴林的描述，联想了一些，‘Erz?hlung der Thei- lnahme des 2. Leichten Bataillons’, pp. 89–90。

48. Thus the text by Georg Baumann, ‘Killed in the battle of Waterloo. Names on King’s German Legion at the Waterloo Column at Hanover’. I thank Mr Baumann for letting me have sight of this document.

49. For Kincaid’s similar experience, see Barbero, The Battle, p. 411.

50. Wheatley, Diary, p. 74.

51. Emanuel Biedermann, Erinnerungen, Wanderungen, Erfahrungen und Lebensansichten eines froh- und freisinnigen Schweizers (2 vols., Trogen, 1828), vol. 1, pp. 193–4.

第7章

1. Alessandro Barbero, The Battle. A New History of Waterloo (London, 2005), p. 423.

2. In addition to other examples of the centrality of La Haye Sainte see the report of the Nassauers in Julius Pflugk-Harttung, Belle Alliance (Berlin, 1915), p. 205.

3. Thus Ian Fletcher, A Desperate Business. Wellington, the British Army and the Waterloo Campaign (Staplehurst, 2001), p. 116.

4. Thus Edmund Wheatley, The Wheatley Diary. A Journal and Sketchbook from the Peninsular War and the Waterloo Campaign, edited with an introduction and notes by Christopher Hibbert (London, 1964), p. 67.

5. 奥普迪达的旅的伤亡率是英王德意志军团中最高的：Daniel S. Gray, ‘The services of the King’s German Legion in the army of the Duke of Wellington, 1809–1815’ (DPhil dissertation, Florida State University, 1970), p. 336.

6. See John Keegan, The Face of Battle (London and New York, 1976), pp. 164–8.

7. For casualties see Otto Puffahrt (ed.), In der Schlacht von Waterloo gefallene, verwunderte und vermisste Soldaten aus der Hannoverschen Armee (Lüneburg, 2004), pp. 70–77.

8. For a recent overview see Edward Madigan, ‘Courage and cowardice in wartime’, War in History, 20 (2013), 4–6.

9. For the original concept as applied to military sociology see Edward A. Shils and Morris Janowitz, ‘Cohesion and disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II’, Public Opinion Quarterly, Summer 1948, 280–315, especially 283–8. There is a recent discussion of this immense debate in Guy L. Siebold, ‘The essence of military group cohesion’, Armed Forces and Society, 33 (2007), 286–94.

10. For a vivid description of this phenomenon in the Second World War see Robert Sterling Rush, Hell in Huertgen Forest. The Ordeal and Triumph of an American Infantry Regiment (Lawrence, KS, 2001).

11. On the importance of ideological motivations see Omer Bartov, The Eastern Front, 1941–1945. German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare (2nd edn, New York, 2001).

12. See Kurt Ihlefeld (ed.), Preussischer Choral. Deutscher Soldatenglaube in drei Jahrhunderten (Berlin, 1935), pp. 81, 113 re Napoleonic Wars. There is nothing on the Hanoverians.

13. 我将这种洞察力归功于Ilya Berkovich. For some interesting reflections on ‘honour’ and the defence of La Haye Sainte see also Mastnak and T?nzer,’ Diese denckwürdige und m?rderische Schlacht’, p. 52.

14. Michael Broers, ‘ “Civilized, rational behaviour”? The concept of surrender in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815’, in Hew Strachan and Holger Afflerbach (eds.), How Fighting Ends. A History of Surrender (Oxford, 2012), pp. 229–38 (especially p. 232).

第8章

1. See the printed General Orders of the Field Marshal Duke of Cambridge, Headquarters, Hanover, StAH, Hann38D, 237, fol. 111.

2. Manfred Bresemann, ‘The King’s German Legion 1803–1816 and the British Traditions Handed down by the Legion to the Royal Hanoverian Army up to 1866’ (typescript, NAM-355–453–3), p. 14.

3. Quoted in Bernhard Schwertfeger, Peninsula-Waterloo. Zum Ged?chtnis der K?niglich Deutschen Legion, printed version of lecture held in February 1914, p. 27.

4. I am heavily indebted here to Jasper Heinzen, ‘Transnational affinities and invented traditions: the Napoleonic wars in British and Hanoverian memory, 1815–1915’, English Historical Review, 97, 529 (2012), 1404–34.

5. Doctor Wilhelm Blumenhagen, Waterloo. Eine vaterl?ndische Ode (Hanover, 1816).

6. Hannoversches Magazin, 19.4.1816. For the situation in Prussia see Christopher Clark, ‘The wars of liberation in Prussian memory: reflections on the memorialisation of war in early nineteenth-century Germany’, Journal of Modern History, 68 (1996), 550–76.

7. Hannoversches Magazin, 6.1.1830.

8. See Marianne Zehnpfennig, ‘Waterloomonument und Bauten am Waterlooplatz’, in Harold Hammer-Schenk and Günther Kokkelink (eds.), Laves und Hannover. Nieders?chsische Architektur im neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Hanover, 1989), pp. 295–302, and more generally, Gerhard Schneider, ‘Nicht umsonst gefallen?’: Kriegerdenkm?ler und Kriegstotenkult in Hannover (Hannoversche Geschichtsbl?tter, Sonderband, Hanover, 1991), pp. 31–47.

9. Following the description by Stella Child in Bexhill Hanoverian Study Group, Newsletter 43 (April 2005), p. 1.

10. See ‘Berechnung über Einnahme und Ausgabe des King’s German Legion Unterstützungsfonds, I Januar bis 31 Dezember 1863’, printed Hanover 5.2.1864, in HStAH, Hann91, Cordemann, fols. 211–14.

11. As recorded in ‘List of officers of the King’s German Legion who have died since the disbandment of that corps on the 24 February 1816’, HStAH, Hann38D, 243, fols. 23–4.

12. Details for this paragraph and the following one are taken from three typescripts in the National Army Museum by Terry Cooper which update and consolidate the information available elsewhere: ‘The King’s German Legion Waterloo Roll Call’ (York, 1992) NAM 93–27; ‘The King’s German Legion Waterloo Roll of Officers’ (York, 1998) NAM 1998–10–268–1; and ‘Officers of the King’s German Legion, 1803–1806’ (York, 1999) NAM 1999–03–138–1-1.

13. Thus Heise to Benne, 3.11.1841 [no place given], Gareth Glover (ed.), Letters from the Battle of Waterloo: Unpublished Correspondence by Allied Officers from the Siborne Papers (London, 2004), p. 234.

14. This paragraph is based on Bresemann, ‘The King’s German Legion, 1803–1816’, pp. 1, 19, 24 et passim. See also Joachim Niemeyer, K?iglich Hannoversches Milit?r 1815–1866 (Beckum, 1992), p. 5.

15. For an introduction to the subject of historical memory in Germany see Alon Confino, ‘Telling about Germany: narratives of memory and culture’, Journal of Modern History, 76 (2004).

16. My thinking on this has been heavily influenced by Jasper Heinzen, ‘Hohenzollern state-building in the province of Hanover, 1866–1914’ (unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2010), especially pp. 116–28. He has also supplied me with all the newspaper references for the 1915 anniversary commemorations.

17. See John C. G. R?hl, ‘Der Kaiser und England’, in Wilfried Rogsch (ed.), Vicky and Albert, Vicky & the Kaiser (Ostfildern-Ruit, 1997), pp. 165–86.

18. Schwertfeger, Peninsula-Waterloo, p. 3.

19. See Georg Baring, ‘Geschichtliche Darstellung der Verteidigung von La Haye Sainte am 18 Juni 1815’, HStAH, Hann38D, 237, fols. 423–39.

20. See Gerhard Schneider ‘Die Waterloo gedenkefeier 1915’, Hannoversche Geschichtsbl?tter, 65 (2011), 233.

21. See also Wilhelm Pessler, ‘Deutsche Waterloo-Erinnerungen im Vaterl?ndischen Museum der Stadt Hanover’, Hannoversche Geschichtsbl?ter, 18 (1915), 293–338; idem, ‘Die Waterloo-Jahrhundert-Austellung im Vaterl?ndischen Museum der Stadt Hannover’, Hannoversche Geschichtsbl?tter, 18 (1915), 389–416.

22. The ‘sworn enemies’ part of the quote comes from ‘Die Waterloo-Ausstellung des Vaterl?ndischen Museum’, Hannoverscher Kurier, 17.6.1915, no. 31834, evening edition, p. 5. The Suetonius paraphrase in the second half of the quotation is in ‘Besuch von Waterloo’, Hannoverscher Kurier, 18.6.1915, no. 31836, evening edition, p. 5.

23. See Jasper Heinzen, ‘A negotiated truce: the battle for Waterloo in European memory since the second world war’, History and Memory, 26, 1 (Spring/Summer 2014), 39–74.

24. See Andrew W. Field, Waterloo. The French Perspective (Barnsley, 2012), p. 3.

25. Jean Charras, Histoire de la campagne de 1815, Waterloo (Brussels, 1857), p. 279.

26. For some modelling by a team of professional surveyors and archaeologists of how the original battlefield probably looked see Daniel Schnurr, James Kavanagh and Paul Hill, ‘Wellington était-il géométre? RTK GPS révéle Waterloo’ (2003), especially pp. 5–11. Accessed under http://www.fig.net/pub/fig_2003/ts_19/pp19_3_schnurr_et_al.pdf (despite the title, the text is in English).

27. The change was already noted by Victor Hugo, Les Misárables, translated and with an introduction by Norman Denny (1st edn, 1862; Penguin Classics, one-volume edn, 1982), p. 297. For the perspective of an informed modern battlefield guide see David Buttery, Waterloo. Battlefield Guide (Barnsley, 2013), pp. 3–4 and 63–4.

28. Waterloo. Histoire d’une bataille, a film written and directed by Jerome Waquet.

29. On this see Peter Hofschr?er, Wellington’s Smallest Victory. The Duke, the Model Maker and the Secret of Waterloo (London, 2004).

30. E.g. Manfred Schlenke, England und das friderizianische Preussen, 1740–1763. Ein Beitrag zum Verh?ltnis von Politik und ?ffentlicher Meinung im England des 18. Jahrhunderts (Freiburg and Munich, 1963).

31. General Orders, Headquarters, Hanover, 1.2.1816, HStAH, Hann38D, 237, fol. 111.

32. John Kincaid, Adventures in the Rifle Brigade and Random Shots from a Rifleman (abridged) by Captain Sir John Kincaid (London, 1981), pp. 171–2.

33. Jonathan Leach, Rough Sketches of the Life of an Old Soldier (London, 1831), p. 390.

34. Julius von Pflugk-Harttung, Vorgeschichte der Schlacht bei Belle-Alliance. Wellington (Berlin, 1903), p. 1.

35. Quoted in Charles Moore, ‘Still skirmishing over the battle of Waterloo’, Daily Telegraph, 15.9.2013.

36. Julius Runnebaum, General Karl von Alten: Ein Soldat Europas (Hildesheim, 1964).

37. See the printed General Orders of the Field Marshal Duke of Cambridge, Headquarters, Hanover, HStAH, Hann38D, 237, fol. 111.

附录

1. Jac Weller, Wellington at Waterloo (London, 1967).

2. John Keegan, The Face of Battle (London and New York, 1976), pp. 117–203.

3. Alessandro Barbero, The Battle. A New History of Waterloo (London, 2003); Mark Adkin, The Waterloo Companion (London, 2001).

4. Torsten Riotte, Hannover in der britischen Politik (1792–1815). Dynastische Verbindung als Element aussenpolitischer Entscheidungsprozesse (Münster, 2005); Christopher D. Thompson, ‘The Hanoverian dimension in early nineteenth-century British politics’, in Brendan Simms and Torsten Riotte (eds.), The Hanoverian Dimension in British History, 1714–1837 (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 86–110. Peter Hofschr?er, The Hanoverian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (London, 1989); 1815. The Waterloo Campaign. The German Victory (London, 1999); 1815. The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, his German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras (London, 1998); Mark Wishon, German Forces and the British Army. Interactions and Perceptions, 1742–1815 (Basingstoke, 2013). See also the source collection of Klaus-Jürgen Bremm, Die K?niglich Deutsche Legion, 1803–1816 Dokumente zur Milit?rgeschichte, Deutsches Milit?rarchiv (no date or place of publication).

5. There is a vivid description in Andrew Uffindell and Michael Corum, On the Fields of Glory. The Battlefields of the 1815 Campaign (London and Stackpoole, PA, 1996), pp. 117–31.

6. Barbero, Waterloo, pp. 149–56, 238–43 and 307–15.

7. Hofschr?er, 1815. The Waterloo Campaign, pp. 89–92, 104–5, 131–5. Daniel S. Gray, ‘The services of the King’s German Legion in the army of the Duke of Wellington, 1809–1815’ (PhD dissertation, Florida State University, 1969), 337–50, provides valuable background but does not add much on the battle itself.

8. See Martin Mittelacher, ‘Die Nassauer bei Waterloo’, Nassauische Annalen, 109 (1998), 265–75; idem, ‘Die Nassauer bei Waterloo. Aus der Sicht neuerer englisch-sprachiger Literatur’, Nassauische Annalen, 109 (1998), 265–75; Jochem Rudersdorf, ‘Prinz Wilhelm von Oranien, Wellington und die Nassauer bei Quatre-Bras und Waterloo’, Nassauische Annalen, 120 (2009), 279– 320.

9. Jens Mastnak and Michael-Andreas T?nzer, ‘Diese denkwürdige und m?rderische Schlacht’. Die Hannoveraner bei Waterloo (Celle, 2003), pp. 5–7.

10. Bernard Coppens and Patrice Courcelle, La Haie-Sainte. Waterloo 1815, Les Carnets de la Campagne 3 (2000).

11. Wilhelm von Schnehen to Major Bremer, Gross Schmeen, 11.11.1824, HStAH, Hann41, 152, fol. 7.

12. Heise to Benne, Hanover, 24.1.1841, in Gareth Glover (ed.), Letters from the Battle of Waterloo: Unpublished Correspondence by Allied Officers from the Siborne Papers (London, 2004), p. 233....

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